Science and Engineering

Substrate Composition Table

(Sources:)
Ingredient Lig % Cellulose (%) Hemicellulose (%) Nitrogen % Ash %
(all data on a dry matter basis)
Acorns 13 -- -- 0 --
Alfalfa 7.5 24 8 2.72
Meal dehydrated (dehy) 15% 13 23 14 2.56 10
Meal dehy 17% 10 25 10 2.72 11
Hay, early (E.) vegetative (veg.) 5.3 20.7 10 3.744 10
Hay, late (L.) veg. 6.5 21.5 11 3.472 10
Hay, E. bloom (bl.) 7.1 23.9 11 3.04 9
Hay, medium (M.) bl. 8.7 27.3 10 2.72 9
Hay, full (F.) bl. 10.4 30.6 10 2.08 9
Hay, L. bl. 12.2 30.8 12 1.92 8
Hay, E. veg. 6 19 8 4.8 10
Hay, L. veg. 7 20 10 4.32 9
Hay, E. bl. 8 22 10 4 9
Hay, M. bl. 10 25 9 3.52 8
Hay, F. bl. 11 26 11 3.04 8
Hay, L. bl. 12.2 26.8 14 2.72 8
Hay, mature 14.4 29.6 14 2.24 7
Hay, seeded 17 32 21 1.92 7
Hay, weathered 15 30 13 1.6 8
Wilted Silage
E. bl. 35% dry matter (DM) 10 23 10 3.04 9
M. bl. 38% DM 11 24 12 2.72 9
F. bl. 40% DM 12 30 9 2.56 8
Almond Hulls, good 6.1 10.9 5 0 7
Medium quality 10 17 4 0 7
Molded 30 27 0 0 8
Apple pomace 5 -- -- < 0.5 --
Bagasse 18.9 33.4 30.0 -- 2.4
Bagasse 11 38 34 -- --
Bahiagrass, 30% DM 7 31 30 1.424 10
Hay 8 33 31 1.312 11
Bakery Waste 1 12 5 1.44 5
Bamboo 20.1 -- 19.6 -- 3.3
Barley, Grain
Heavy 2 5 12 2.08 3
Grain Light 2.9 7.1 18 2.24 4
Malt Sprouts w/hulls 3 15 28 4.496 7
Straw 11 48 21 0.688 7
Beet Pulp, dehy 2 31 21 1.232 5
+Steffen's filtrate 2 19 21 1.6 6
Bermudagrass 7 32 38 1.44
Coastal Hay, L. veg. 6 26 38 1.6 8
Black pepper 18 -- -- 1.28 --
Bloodmeal -- -- -- 14.672 7
Brewers, Grains, dehy 6 18 22 4.16 4
-Grains wet, 21% DM 4 19 19 4.16 10
Brome 5.5 27 15.3 -- --
Hay, Pre-bl. 5 33 27 1.68 10
Hay, L. bl. 8 36 28 1.184 9
Smooth, Hay M. bl. 4 33 29 2.336 10
Hay, mature 8 37 26 0.928 8
Canarygrass, Reed, Hay 4 32 28 1.648 10
Carrot Roots, fr. 12% DM 0 8 1 1.584 8
Cattails 8.5 -- -- 2.176 --
Celery seed 22 -- -- 2.4 --
Cinnamon bark 20 -- -- 0 --
Citrus pulp, dehydrated 3 19 1 1.12 7
Clover, Ladino, Hay 7 22 7 3.52 10
Clover, Red, Hay 10 31 15 2.56 9
Cocoa bean 25 -- -- 2.56 --
Coconut meal 10 -- -- 3.44 --
Coffee Grounds 15 -- 9 0 2
hulls (bran) 20 51 22 0 5
Corn
Bran 1 15 44 1.76 3
Cobs, ground 7 28 55 0.512 2
Cob - 36.5 28 -- --
Cob 7 -- -- 0.48 --
Corn leaves 3.8 -- -- 3.04 --
Corn meal 2 -- -- 1.776 --
Distillers grain, dehy 5 12 33 4.16 4
wet 4 11 25 4.16 4
grains + solubles 4 12 28 4.72 5
solubles, dehy 1 6 16 4.752 8
Fodder 3 30 22 1.424 2.4
Gluten feed 1 11 33 4.096 5
Gluten meal 1 8 28 7.488 3
Gluten meal 60% crude protein 1 4 9 10.752 2
Grain cracked 0.2 2.8 6 1.6 2
Grain flaked 0.2 2.8 6 1.6 2
Grain ground 0.2 2.8 6 1.6 2
Grain high moisture 0.2 2.8 6 1.696 2
Hominy 2 11 42 1.84 1
Stover 11 28 28 1.056 7
Whole ear (corn & cob) 2 10 16 1.44 2
Corn Silage 3 26 16 1.44
-45% grain 3 23 15 1.44 5
+NPN 3 23 15 2.08 5
+NPN + Ca 3 23 15 2.08 7
-35% grain 4 24 18 1.376 7
-25% grain 5 26 21 1.328 8
-40% grain 4 23 18 1.472 4
NPN 4 23 18 2.112 4
NPN + Ca 4 23 18 2.08 6
25% grain 6 27 22 1.328 7
Stalklage 7 38 23 1.008 9
Immature (25% DM no ears) 3 35 22 1.44 11
Cornstalk 11 38 26 -- 3
Cornstalk 3.9 -- -- 1.056 --
Cornstalk 11 33.5 32.6 -- 1
Cotton -- 80-95 5-20 -- --
Cottonseed
hulls 24 49 17 0.656 4
Black whole seed 15 16 9 3.68 5
high lint 16 21 10 3.2 4
seed meal, mech. ex. 6 14 8 7.04 7
Solv. 41% crude protein (CP) 6 13 7 7.296 7
Solv. 43% CP 7 14 7 7.824 7
Cotton straw 15 42 12 -- --
Distillers' grains 5 -- -- 3.52 --
Feather meal -- -- -- 12.48 4
Fescue, Alta, Hay 6.5 34.5 29 1.632 10
Fescue, K31, Hay 4 31 28 2.624 9
Hay F. bl. 5 34 28 1.936 8
mature 7 35 28 1.472 7
Fescue, Meadow, Hay 7 36 22 1.456 8
Tall fescue 3.1 30 24.5 -- --
Fishmeal 10.656 25
Fruit pits 40 -- -- -- --
Ginger root 6 -- -- 1.6 --
Grape pomace 17 -- -- 0 --
Grape pomace 35 19 1 0 10
Grape stems 12 -- -- < 0.5 --
Guineagrass 8 35 26 1.44
Kelp, treated 6 -- -- 4.8 --
Linseed meal 7 -- -- 4.48 --
mech. ex. 7 10 8 6.064 6
meal solv. ex. 6 13 6 6.128 6
Lupins 3.3 -- -- 5.472 --
Manure
Elephant manure 10.4 -- -- 1.12 --
Chicken manure 3.4 -- -- 5.424 --
Pig manure 2.2 -- -- 4.416 --
Cow manure sample 1 8.1 -- -- 3.104 --
Cow manure sample 2 7.9 -- -- 3.216 --
Cow manure sample 3 10.1 -- -- 2.752 --
Millet feed 4 13 2.064 3
Milo see sorghum
Molasses beet,
79% DM 0 0 0 0.48 11
Molasses cane,
73% DM 0 0 0 1.28 8
Municipal refuse -- 76 -- -- --
Napiergrass fr. 8 36 28 1.44
-30 days DM 10 35 25 1.392 9
-60 days DM 14 33 28 1.248 6
Needle and thread 6 37 40 0.656 20
Nutmeg hulls 17 -- -- 0.16 --
Oats, grain gr. 0 0
-38 lb/bushel 3 13 16 2.128 3
-32 lb/bushel 4 17 21 2.096 5
Hay 6 30 30 1.488 8
Hulls 8 34 36 0.624 7
Silage dough 9 23 24 1.6 7
Straw 14 33 23 0.704 8
Olive waste 28 -- -- 0 --
Orchard grass 4.7 30 14.4 -- --
Orchardgrass, young 4.3 26 25 2.4
Hay E. bl. 4 30 23 1.632 10
Hay, L. bl. 4 34 27 1.344 9
Palm kernel oil meala 14 -- -- 0.24 --
Pangola grass 7 34 29 1.76
fresh pangola grass, 21% DM 5 33 32 1.648 10
Paper Products
Brown cardboard 12 72 -- -- 1.7
Christian Science Monitor 21 60 -- -- 0.4
Manchester Guardian 3 59 -- -- 30
Newsprint 20.9 -- -- 0.816 --
Playboy 9 51 -- -- 24
Solka floc (cellulose) 5 84 -- -- 0.3
Washington Post 26 55 -- -- 0.4
Whatman no. 41 5 89 -- -- 0.2
Pea vines, Silage, 25% DM 9 40 10 2.096 12
Peanut, Hulls 23 42 9 1.248 4
Meal -- -- 8 8.32 6
Peanut skin 7 -- -- < 0.5 --
Pineapple, bran 7 30 36 0.736 3
Potato tubers 1 1 4 1.424 6
Poultry, Manure 2 12 24 4.512 22
Pricklypear, fr. 17% DM 1 1 4 0.768 6
Rapeseed meal 3.7 -- -- 6.768 8
Red Top, fr. 29% DM 8 32 24 1.856 8
Reed Canary grass 5.3 28 16.5 -- --
Reed foxtail 4.5 29 17.7 -- --
Rice
bran 3.3 10.7 11 2.08 10
Grain, ground 2.1 -- -- 1.424 5
Grain, polished <1 <1 -- 1.376 1
hulls 17 55 10 0.48 20
straw 12.5 32.1 24.0 -- 17.5
Russian Thistle, 11 33 20 1.792 15
Rye grain 1 -- -- 2.208 2
Ryegrass, Hay 2 28 11 1.376 10
Ryegrass, Straw 5 37 27 -- --
Safflower, Meal
mech. ex. 14 27 18 3.536 4
meal solv. ex. 14 27 17 4.064 4
Sagebrush, Big s.c. 12 18 12 1.488 7
Sesame seed 2 -- -- -- --
Sorghum, Grain dry (milo) 1.4 3.6 18 1.984 2
Grain rolledb 1.4 3.6 18 1.984 2
Grain, steam flaked 1.4 3.6 18 1.92 2
-Silage, 30% DM 6 32 26 1.2 9
Soybean, Hulls 2 48 17 1.936 5
Soybean meal -44 0.3 9.7 4 7.84 7
Soybean meal -49 0.2 5.8 2 8.8 7
Soybean Straw 16 38 16 0.832 6
Soybean whole 0.2 8.8 4 6.848 6
Sudangrass, Hay 4 35 27 1.808 10
-Silage, 28% DM 5 37 29 1.728 10
Sugar beet pulp 5 -- -- 1 --
Sunflower
Sunflower hulls 19 -- -- -- --
Sunflower meal 12 21 7 4.144 6
Tapioca -- -- -- 0.496 3
Timothy
Timothy, mature 7.3 31 29 1.12
Hay L. veg. 3 27 25 2.24 8
Hay, E. bl. 4 30 27 1.76 7
Hay, M. bl. 5 31 31 1.44 7
Hay, L. bl. 6 34 28 1.28 7
Hay, Milk st. 7 36 28 1.12 6
Hay, seed st. 9 36 27 0.96 6
-Silage, L. bl. 42% DM 7 34 24 1.44 7
Tomato
Tomato pomace, dried 11 39 5 2.56 8
Tomato vines - -- -- -- --
Trefoil, birdft., Hay 9 27 11 2.608 7
Turnip, fr. 9% DM 10 24 10 1.888 2
Urea 0 0 0 46.72 0
Vanilla bean 14 -- -- 0 --
Vetch, Hay 8 25 15 3.328 7
Water hyacinth 8.7 -- -- 2.832 --
Wheat
bran 3 12 36 2.736 7
Grain, Hard red spring 1 4 11 1.808 2
Grain, soft white 0.6 3.4 10 1.808 2
Hay, E. veg. 4 26 22 1.92 8
Hay, headed 7 34 27 1.36 7
Middlings 2.2 8.8 26 2.944 2.4
Silage dough 7.7 25.3 19 1.296 8
Straw 8.9 -- -- 1.488 --
Straw 14 40 31 0.576 8
Straw 18.0 30.5 28.4 -- 11.0
Straw 18 34 27.6 -- 1.3
Straw 7 42 31 -- --
Wheatgrass crest., Hay 6 30 29 1.44 9
Whey, Acid -- -- -- 2.272 10
Delact. -- -- 2.864 17
Winterfat, s.c. 10 34 28 1.728 15
Wood
Aspen 15.5 50.8 28.7 -- 0.2
Balsam Fir 28 42.7 24.4 -- 0.2
Beech 12.7 27.7 21.1 1.44 --
Birch 19.5 38.8 37.3 -- 0.3
Birch 19.5 40.0 39.0 -- 0.3
Pin cherry 8.98 8.77 8.4 1.77 --
Pine 27.8 44.0 26.0 -- 0.4
Pine 27.8 42 23.5 -- 0.4
Pine kraft pulp 5.0 77.0 18.0 -- 0.4
Red maple 23 39 33 -- 0.2
Spruce 28.6 42 26.5 -- 0.4
Spruce 28.6 43.0 27.0 -- 0.4
Sugar maple 8.49 14.1 9.95 0.97 --
Yellow birch 12 17.3 13.2 1.42 --


Sources:
Van Soest, Peter J. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 476 pp.
Ladisch, M. R., K. W. Lin, M. Voloch, and G. T. Tsao. 1983. Process considerations in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. Enzyme and Microb. Technol. 5(2):81-160.
Lynch, J. M. 1987. Lignocellulolysis in Composts. In: Compost: Production, Quality and Use (M. De Bertoldi, M. P. Ferranti, P. L.'Hermite, and F. Zucconi, ed.). Elsevier Applied Science, New York. 853 pp.
Nodvin, S. C. 1983. Effects of distrubance on decomposition processes and on sulfur cycling in the northern hardwood forest. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University.
Chandler, J. A. , Jewell, W. J., Gossett, J. M., Van Soest, P. J., and Robertson, J. B. 1980. Predicting Methane Fermentation. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symp. No.10., John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 93-107.

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